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<HEAD><TITLE>Basic Concept of Thai Language</TITLE></HEAD>
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<H1><FONT COLOR=#000099>Basic Concept of Thai Language</FONT></H1>
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<OL>
<LI><A HREF="#alphabet">Thai Alphabet</A>
<LI><A HREF="#number">Number in Thai Language</A>
<LI><A HREF="#requirement">Requirement of using Thai Language on Computer</A>
<LI><A HREF="#problems">Problems of using Thai Language with Computer</A>
<OL>
<LI><A HREF="#level">Level</A>
<LI><A HREF="#cursor">Cursor Positioning</A>
<LI><A HREF="#display">Displaying</A>
<LI><A HREF="#type">Typing</A>
<LI><A HREF="#print">Printing</A>
<LI><A HREF="#pos">Character Positioning</A>
<LI><A HREF="#table">Thai Code Table</A>
<LI><A HREF="#special">Special Character and Exception</A>
</OL>
</OL>
<HR>
<A NAME=alphabet>
<H2>Thai alphabet</H2>
<P>In the Thai alphabet, the consonants and vowels are grouped
separately. There are nominally 44 consonants, but two are
practically obsolete (<IMG SRC="./k1.gif">,<IMG SRC="./k2.gif">),
and six more are never used to begin a word, leaving only 36.</P>
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="thaialphabet.gif">
</CENTER>
<P>Following is a list of vowel sounds, represented by the vowel
marks (Sa-Ra) or vowel combinations (Sa-Ra-Pa-Som), with
"<IMG SRC="ooo.gif">" added, to show whether each vowel is placed
before, after, above, or below a consonant. Sometimes a hyphen
is added to represent a following consonant that must be present.</P>
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="vowel.gif">
</CENTER>
Wan-Na-Yuk (tonal marks) is tonal accent in Thai writing. In all
their are four such marks, namely, Mai-Ek the first tonal mark,
Mai-Tou the second tonal mark,
Mai-Tri the third tonal mark, Mai-Jat-Ta-Wa the forth tonal mark.
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="wannayuk.gif">
</CENTER>

<HR>
<A NAME=number>
<H2>Number in Thai Language (0-9)</H2>
<IMG SRC="number.gif">
<HR>
<A NAME=requirement>
<H2>Requirement of using Thai Language on Computer</H2>
<LI>Thai font set
<LI>program that support cursor positioning problem (In Microsoft Windows,
COMMDLG.DLL is prepared for processing this problems on Windows)
<LI>program that support Thai character code (8 bit)
<LI>Thai Key Map
<HR>
<A NAME=problems>
<H2>Problems of using Thai Language with Computer</H2>
<A NAME=level>
<H3>Level</H3>
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="level.gif"></TD>
<TD><FONT SIZE=+2>4 levels</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="diffsize.gif"></TD>
<TD><FONT SIZE=+2>and different size of alphabet.</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
<A NAME=cursor>
<H3>Cursor Positioning</H3>
Cursor will not be moved while above or below positioned character
is typed.
<TABLE>
<TR><TD><IMG SRC="position.gif"></TD>
<TD><FONT SIZE=+2>Wrong</FONT></TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="cursor.gif"></TD>
<TD><FONT SIZE=+2>Right</FONT></TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
<A NAME=display>
<H3>Displaying</H3>
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="zerowidth.gif"></TD>
<TD>Using zerowidth character for above and below</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="disp1.gif"></TD>
<TD>Wan-Na-Yuk will be changed its position when combined with
other character positioned at above. (For type writer Wan-Na-Yuk's
position is always fixed to level 3)</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="disp2.gif"></TD>
<TD>Character at above will be shifted when combined with character
that has some part above.</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="disp3.gif"><IMG SRC="disp4.gif"</TD>
<TD>Some alphabet will be deform when combine with character positioned
below.</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
Thus Wan-Na-Yuk occupies 4 times of ASCII Code for displaying and printing
but use only one code in data file in the example shown below. (occupy 2 times
codes for Vowel see <A HREF=#table>TrueType Font Code Table of Microsoft Window
Thai Edition
</A>)
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="4char1set.gif">
</CENTER>
<HR>
<A NAME=type>
<H3>Typing</H3>
There is no English Alphabet represented Thai Alphabet. There is
own Keyboard(Type writer) layout.
<! Pattachoke, Ketmanee>
<IMG SRC="./keymap/thaikeymap1.gif">
<A HREF="/ZzzThai/thailang/keymap/page6.ps">New Version in Postscript format</A>
<HR>
<A NAME=print>
<H3>Printing</H3>
There are the same problems as displaying has. However, there are
the difference between displaying and printing such as,
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="prn1.gif"></TD>
<TD>for displaying</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD><IMG SRC="prn2.gif"</TD>
<TD>for printing</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<HR>
<A NAME=pos>
<H3>Character Positioning (Kerning Pair)</H3>
For good quality printing, we use minus-offset character in some case.
<IMG SRC="zerooffset.gif"><BR>
<IMG SRC="minusoffset.gif"><BR>
<HR>
<A NAME=table>
<H3>Thai Code Table</H3>
<LI>For "-thai-fixed-medium-r-normal-16-114-100-100-m-80-iso8859-1" Fonts used
for Fixed font in Netscape Navigator in this explanation : 
<A HREF="./thcode1.gif">Click Here</A>
<LI>And dbthai font set used for propotional font in Netscape Navigator in
this explanation : <A HREF="./thcode2.gif">Click Here</A>
We will see the zerowidth and zero-offset alphabet in this table
<LI>TrueType Font Table of Microsoft Windows Thai Edition : 
<A HREF="./thcode3.gif">Click Here</A>
<HR>
<A NAME=special>
<H3>Special Character and Exception</H3>
There are two special characters and one obsolete symbol in Thai.
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="rrr.gif"><BR>#196 + #229<P> 
<IMG SRC="lll.gif"><BR>#198 + #229<P>
<IMG SRC="bdot.gif"><BR>#186 + #218
</CENTER>

In Thai, Wan-Na-Yuk cannot be displayed without consonants and 
Wan-Na-Yuk also cannot be displayed with vowel mark.<BR>
Note: Some Character such as "<IMG SRC="ooo.gif">" can be consonant
or vowel mark.<P> 
<H4>Vowel cannot be used without consonant</H4>
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="expt1.gif"> or 
<IMG SRC="expt2.gif">
</CENTER>
<H4>Wan-Na-Yuk cannot be used with vowel</H4>
<CENTER>
<IMG SRC="expt3.gif"> or 
<IMG SRC="expt4.gif">
</CENTER>
<HR>
<FONT SIZE=-2>CopyRight by <A HREF="http://www.fedu.uec.ac.jp/~kitti/">
Kitti Kosavisutte</A> Aug 1996</FONT>
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