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70 UEC Int’l Mini-Conference No.53

R g nition - b ased ima g e
eco
I ma g e A ut h entication Syst em
aut h entication : A comparison wit h der Sensitivityà Or
Ú ect selection of t he first image is crucial ( he corr Only t line).ä out ed r
Ø ed in an y or der ( er emaining t hr ee images can be ent The r line).

out gr een
entional user aut
v h entication
con
eà Image Set Siz
met h ods
Ú O nly 20 e sho images ar wn at once in a 4×5 grid
H u g o N O R DEN STR ÖM su et and T j i T A K A D A
UE C Ex c h an g o e Study Pr g r am
Ø F he or t 40 or 60 ch betw ersions, users swit een image v 2 or 3 grids .

(JU o SST Pr g r am )
D epar tment o f I n f ormatics , er Clust II
(E mer g in g M ulti -
y int er disciplinar E n g ineerin g )
T h e U ersity o niv f E o lectr - Communications , T o k o y , J apan
oduction
r
I ntr & B ac g ound
k
Limit a tions of C v on ention a l Aut hentic a tion M et hod s

ern locks) r e.g., PIN codes or patt ecise elies on pr v Con hentication ( entional aut
t edentials—such as bir ys or hda ecall. Users oft r eak or easily guessed cr en select w
ement equir o diminished s, leading t xity r erns—when f simple patt h comple aced wit
.

security
R ecognition- Ba sed Im a hentic ge Aut a tion (RB IA )

ed images rat eselect her t ecall specific han r e pr equir RBIA r es users t ecogniz o r
v o e usability b elying on visual y r oach ma codes. This appr y r ors and impr educe err
xact alphanumeric or patt ern-based r ecall.

r ecognition rat her t han e
C h a llenges w it h U s a bility a nd Securit Ë
7 W e ak Security w h it N o O der r R equir ement: y or der Selecting f our images in an
o guessing attacks eases vulnerability t is easy but incr
7 High R ec a ll D em a nds w h Strict O r dering: ecise or equiring a pr R or all der f
it
ems har et mak der t o r es syst emember .

hens security y engt images str
P r o p osed Syst e m

esses t hese akada, addr et suji T y T oposed b The image aut em, pr hentication syst
equiring only t y r issues b emaining ollo w a specific or he first image t he r der , wit o f h t
ended t hod is int y or o balance memorability images selectable in an . This met der
v o wit ed security [1]. h impr
esult
s
R
ectiv
Ob j e
, and security of RBIA e t aluat T v o e , functionality e and compar he usability
ems using syst 20 , 40 , and 60 hr ee common met ersions against t image v hods :
4 -digit PI N , 6 -digit PI N ern lock. , and patt
ermutations
P
a T b le 1: em Number of Passw or hentication Syst d Combinations per Aut or e 1: A Figur v erage of duration f s empt e 2: A v erage number of att Figur
er is bett
w er). Passw er). per login session (lo w
y (lo
or
er is bett
d entr
d T ype or P assw O ption P ossi b le Com b inations
Pin C ode 4 digit s 10 , 000
h Image Aut 20 images 19 , 380
Patt ern L ock 6 es ok str 181 , 440
h Image Aut 40 images 365 , 560
Pin C ode 6 s digit 1 , 000 , 000
Image Aut h 60 images 1 , 950 , 540
e e 3: Success Rat e of r espectiv Figur
er). hentication syst aut em (higher is bett
y:
v Sur e
M et h od
ticipant The post t he par hat about half of t est sur e w
y sho
ed t
v
s could see
e w v v v entional met hods, ho er con t hemselv es using t he RBIA o er almost all of t he
ed of a The trial consist 4 er v st et ep pr ocess, str ching out o 9 da ys. 11 est users t
par s t oo long time. hought t ticipant he aut ook t ocess t hentication pr
par ook in t his trial. t F hentication t y aut est, t he user had or e er v 3 tries. The number
of empt s att , ation dur , and success/f ail ecor er ded during each att e r empt. Aft er w
y t est, t er e v egar hem r ding t xperience he e y asking t o answ .
he user had t
er a sur
v
e
Conclusion
airs: Aut hentication P E hentication pair ach t est user was assigned an aut
ed str ong ecognition-based image aut hentication (RBIA) syst em demonstrat The r
4 -digit PI N h vs. Image Aut hentication Scheme wit 20 image ‹
entional met v ed t hods.

o con memorability and generally high success rat es compar
€ ern lock vs. Image Aut Patt hentication Scheme wit h 40 image ‹
œ 6 -digit PI N vs. Image Aut hentication Scheme wit h 60 images ä
, t
e each aut
o complet
he time r
, ed t equir er v hentication was noticeably longer w Ho
e
par ger image set s.

ticularly wit h lar
dc y 1: Da d f or t he assigned The t est user r egist er or heir passw
ed and set up t
image aut em. hentication syst E ed ompt ach user was pr ed t o select 3 images out
eliability and hese drawbacks, RBIA can be useful in settings wher e r Despit e t
of 60 . The 4 t he comput er h image was chosen at random b y t
y include e paramount. Such scenarios ma ors ar educed entr r y err
_c Da y 4: ormed t The user per he image aut or t em. hentication syst f he t est f
7 ew times a hentication only a f equent Logins: Applications t Infr hat r e aut equir
M e e r he first sur he user filled out t etrics ar v ecor y ded and t
, wher e slight es ar ocedur ly longer sign-in pr e acceptable da y
7 High-Security En v onment s: Syst e ems or por s out enting lock vir tals in which pr
]c y 6: Da v entional aut em, hentication syst er egist The user r he assigned con or t ed f
e-entr y ( e.g., e mor e critical t han rapid r ect identification ar and ensuring corr
e options of
er
eit her PI N ern or Patt L e w 8 codes / patt he user or t erns f
ock. Ther
secur tals) e or academic por e corporat
om o choose fr t
A
ccessibility-F
7 ocused Solutions: Int er or om visual cues f f aces benefiting fr
ecalling comple x alphanumeric codes or patt erns.

e difficulty r v users who ha
fc y 9: Da he t The user per ormed t est f entional aut hentication syst em. or con v f
M y etrics ar ded and t e r ecor he second and last sur v he user filled out t e .

s, t y be acceptable in xt he added time spent aut henticating ma hese cont e In t
x change f s and bett er memorability . or a lo w chance of lock out e
e
R f er ences
[ 1 ] akada and D . Schwar T . T z , “ Design E hentication in or Bett xploration f ecognition-Based Image Aut er Security of R M obile E n vir onment, ” in Adv ances in M obile C omputing and
M elligence, v ol. ultimedia Int 13634 . Delir Haghighi, I. , P K halil, and G . K sis, ot E ds., in L ectur e N es in ot C er Science, v ol. omput 13634 . , C ham : Springer N e Swit atur z erland, 2022 ,
pp. 7 1 7 –7 . doi : 8- 3-031- 20436-4_7 100 7/9 7 10 . .