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able the operation of power grids makes the per- Table 1: Smart Grids Domains (Dom) and re-
spective of the power grid as a Cyber-Physical lated Concepts (Con), [12],[11],[15]
System (CPS) more precise [6]. This perspec-
tive is also relevant considering the connection Con. ADN SPC MG AMI SH
of devices to the internet, the Internet of Things Dom.
(IoT), which will be somehow integrated into the Generation
power system [7]. In recent years, some promi- Transmission
Distribution X X
nent cyber-physical attacks have been carried
out, such as the attack on the nuclear facility in DER X X X X X
Iran with the malicious malware Stuxnet [2] or Customer X X X X
the cyber attack on the Ukrainian energy system Market X X X X
in 2015 by the malware BlackEnergy [1]. The Operation X X
power grid is part of the critical infrastructure;
therefore, the security of the system is highly
critical. Currently, research lacks investigations been published dealing with challenges arising
into the cyber attack vulnerabilities of the Smart from the integration of Distributed Energy
Power Cell Concept. As a first step, this work Resources (DER)s. The most popular concept
is the Smart Grid (SG) Concept, proposing
contributes to a better understanding of the vul-
the utilization of Information and Communica-
nerabilities of the Smart Power Cell control ob-
jectives regarding the manipulation of the Bus tion Technology (ICT) [14]. Frameworks and
Controller input signals received from the first architectures have been presented in [5] NIST
level, the DER level. It is assumed that the at- SG-Model and [3] the SG-Architecture Model
tacker has no prior knowledge about the grid summarizing the functionalities of the grid into
the domains: i) Generation, ii) Transmission,
state or parameters.
iii) Distribution, iv) DER, v) Customer, vi)
To achieve this objective, Chapter 2 illus-
Markets, and vii) Operations, with the last
trates the smart power cell concepts in the con-
text of future power grids and presents the bus two only being defined in in the Nist model.
controller algorithm. Chapter 3 discusses the Nevertheless, the SG-Concept is abstract
attack scenarios, based on the upstream signals and does not provide a practical solution for
from the DER level to the Bus Level, and lists operating a power grid highly penetrated by
the expected impacts on the Bus Controller ob- DERs. Other concepts like Microgrids (MG)
[12], Active Distribution Networks (ADN) [11],
jectives. The simulation setup and the simula-
tion results are shown in Chapter 4. The dis- Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI), and
cussion of the results is conducted in Chapter 5. Smart Homes (SH) [15] tackle different tasks of
Chapter 6 provides the conclusion and formu- Smart Grids functionalities in a more practical
lates further research questions. approach, as well as the SPC Concept. In
Table 1, the mentioned concepts are listed and
classified into the SG domains. The ADN can
2 Smart Power Cell Concept be seen as a concept encompassing the others,
whereas the SPC needs additional concepts to
The implementation of renewable energy, stor- function fully within an ADN.
age, and flexible loads into the existing power
system, especially the distribution network, The Smart Power Cell (SPC) Concept’s main
and the decommissioning of traditional fossil objective is to compensate for the loss of effi-
fuel-driven power plants entail a restructuring of ciency, security, and stability in the operation
the energy system itself. Former assumptions of of the power grid due to the decommissioning
unidirectional power flow, modeling approaches of conventional power plants. Roughly summa-
of the energy system, and control algorithms rized, the idea is to bundle all Distributed En-
cannot be applied to the future power grid ergy Resources (DERs) in a geographical area,
[9]. In the last decade, many works have located in the distribution network, so that this